Age-related changes in the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches in small intestine of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The distribution, size, and appearance of Peyer's patches vary according to species. In order to determine the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches in small intestine of Bactrian camel, and age-related changes in the number of Peyer's patches, 40 Bactrian camels of the following four age groups were studied: young (0.5–2 years), pubertal (3–5 years), middle-aged (6–16 years), and old (17–20 years). The exact number of Peyer's patches was recorded, and the appearance of Peyer's patches was described in detail. The results indicated that Peyer's patches of Bactrian camels not only have a particular anatomical location and distinct appearance but also change with age. They were distributed in the whole small intestine and there were four distinct types of Peyer's patches: nodular, faviform, cup-shaped, and cystic form Peyer's patches. However, the nodular and cystic form Peyer’s patches are specific to Bactrian camel, which have not been found in other animals including Dromedary camel. In addition, the distribution density of Peyer's patches in ileum was the maximum, then was jejunum and duodenum. Further statistical analysis showed that the number of Peyer's patches was altered with age. The number peaked in 5-year-old camels and declined subsequently with age. However, there was little change in the size of Peyer's patches in different age groups; no age-related macroscopic variations in the shape or size of the Peyer's patches were found. Results obtained from this study provide the basic information to further study on the gastrointestinal mucosal immunity of Bactrian camel.     

Diverse conserved domains and a positively selected site in the sugarcane streak mosaic virus P1 protein are essential for RNA silencing suppression and protein stability

RNA silencing is one of the conserved antiviral mechanisms in plants, and viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) to overcome host RNA silencing and facilitate virus infection. Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV; species Sugarcane streak mosaic virus, genus Poacevirus, family Potyviridae) is a major causal agent of sugarcane mosaic disease in many countries in Asia, including China. In this study, we used Agrobacterium co-infiltration to show that the SCSMV P1 protein, rather than the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), functions as a strong RSS to suppress local RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutational analysis indicated that the 15 amino acids (aa; aa 1–15) of the SCSMV P1 N-terminus were not important for RNA silencing suppression, but rather another 15 aa domain (aa 108–122) containing a conserved motif (LFR/KNKQAYIST) was essential for efficient silencing suppression by P1. In addition to the 15 aa (aa 344–358) domain in the P1 N-terminus, another 15 aa domain (aa 65–79) of P1, containing the LXKA motif and one conserved aa (D78), were associated with P1 protein stability. Furthermore, substituting the histidine (H263) residue in P1 with threonine (H263T) or alanine (H263A) also affected P1 protein stability. Notably, the H263 residue is both a positively selected site and part of the serine protease catalytic triad (HDS). Taken together, our data demonstrate that SCSMV P1, and not HC-Pro, plays a functional role in suppressing RNA silencing, and also show that some conserved motifs and a positivelyselected site in the P1 protein are associated with RSS activity and protein stability.     

外源亚精胺对淹水胁迫玉米的生理调控效应

以玉米单交种登海662(DH662)和浚单20(XD20)为材料, 以盆栽方式研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对淹水胁迫玉米叶片光合、根系生理及产量的调控效应。结果表明, 喷施亚精胺使遭受不同生育阶段淹水胁迫的DH662和XD20产量平均提高12.9%和10.8%。不同生育阶段淹水对玉米影响不同, 两个品种均以苗期淹水影响较大, 且Spd对其正调控效应也最好。喷施亚精胺提高了不同生育阶段淹水处理玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P), 降低了细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)。喷施亚精胺使淹水胁迫后DH662和XD20根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别较单独淹水处理高出14.5%和4.6%, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别较淹水处理高出19.9%和18.2%;使DH662和XD20根系的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性增加26.1%和19.6%, 但抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性无明显增加。喷施亚精胺缓解了淹水胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化, 使DH662和XD20根系活力平均增加12.9%, 根系丙二醛(MDA)含量平均降低23.9%。表明叶面喷施亚精胺可有效改善玉米根系和叶片生理功能, 从而降低减产幅度, 但不同玉米品种及其不同生育阶段对亚精胺的调控效应存在差异。     

The Effects of Jobs-Targeted Development Incentive Programs

ABSTRACT In recent years, many states have raised the amount of resources they devote to economic development programs, particularly those providing direct monetary assistance to firms. However, scholarly attention to this topic has not kept pace and, as a result, relatively little is known about such policies' effectiveness. This paper examines the effectiveness of monetary incentives using Ohio's experience with such programs in the 1980s. Empirical results show that incentives are significantly related to employment and income growth at the county level. Grants are found to be more effective than loans, and capital subsidies to businesses more effective than either labor subsidies to businesses or capital subsidies to communities. Finally, resources given to creating jobs are more effective than resources for retaining or training existing workers.     

唐菖蒲茉莉素受体基因GhCOI1的克隆与表达分析

通过RACE技术在唐菖蒲(Gladiolus hybridus)品种‘Rose Supreme’的籽球苗叶片中克隆得到茉莉素受体COI1基因的c DNA序列,命名为Gh COI1。该基因全长为2 603 bp,包含一个编码613个氨基酸的开放阅读框,5′utr和3′utr分别为484 bp和277 bp,预测的蛋白质分子量为69.46 k D;其氨基酸序列具有典型的F-box基序和LRRs结构域。同源比对和系统进化树的分析结果表明,Gh COI1与番茄Le COI1氨基酸序列的相似性最高,达到64.3%;与水稻Os COI1的亲缘关系最近。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析基因表达的结果表明,Gh COI1在唐菖蒲叶片中的相对表达量最高,根中其次,匍匐茎、新球、籽球、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊里中的相对表达量较低,推测在唐菖蒲中存在器官专一性表达的COI1同源基因。采用0.05、0.1和0.5 mmol·L-1 Me JA喷施处理唐菖蒲叶片,检测到施用0.1 mmol·L-1 Me JA可显著上调Gh COI1的表达。同时伴随此浓度Me JA处理时间的增加,12 h内Gh COI1的表达量呈现先上升再下降后上升的趋势。洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达结果表明Gh COI1蛋白定位于细胞质和质体中。本研究中初步验证了Gh COI1在茉莉素信号途径中的作用。     

甘肃省土地集约利用与经济耦合协调发展评价研究

以2005-2010年6 a间土地集约利用与经济发展水平为依据,通过协调发展度模型对甘肃省12个地级市土地集约利用与经济协调发展水平进行定量分析.结果表明:甘肃省12个地级市土地集约利用与经济协调发展水平总体较低,涉及3个协调发展类型,分别是濒临失调衰退类、中度失调衰退类、严重失调衰退类;从协调发展亚类看,既包括经济发展滞后型,也包括土地集约利用滞后型;从单个地区看,土地集约利用与经济发展水平仍有提高的潜力,协调发展度仍有提高的空间;从协调度、发展度与协调发展度关系看,要提高协调发展度,需重点提高发展度.     

1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿属的研究:历史脉络与启示

苜蓿自汉朝被引入中国,距今历两千余年,当前已发展成为第一大栽培牧草,相对而言,我国苜蓿研究起步较晚,在近年始得以迅猛发展,但目前对其研究的历史脉络尚未见报道。为此,通过文献计量学的方法,获取CNKI、WOS数据库及相关的统计数据的资料,综合分析了1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿的研究轨迹,探究了近65年来成果数量、热点演进、关键节点等,并对比了国内、国际苜蓿研究的发展轨迹。结果表明, 1)1950年来,中国学者在苜蓿方面的研究论文数量呈现强劲的增加态势,根据其自然增长特征,可分为5个时期,2000年以后进入极速增长阶段;2)近年来,中国学者对苜蓿研究的国际化程度逐年提高,目前中国已跃居全球第二大苜蓿研究国;3)中国学者最早较为注重对地方品种及其遗传资源的挖掘,近年对高产、优质、抗逆育种与栽培理论的研究较多,更加注重苜蓿产业发展相结合,相比于国外,对分子基础、种间互作等机理性研究尚显不足;4)苜蓿产业的成长、科技期刊的发展、科研项目资助强度的增大是近65年来苜蓿研究得以迅猛发展的重要因素。研究认为,在未来的食物结构转型、草地农业发展等历史趋势下,中国苜蓿研究将会从偏重于产业相关的技术研究,过渡到基础理论研究,从而全方位支撑国家重大战略需求和基础科学理论需要。     

Initial report of glufosinate and paraquat multiple resistance that evolved in a biotype of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Malaysia

Field and glasshouse studies have confirmed the presence of a glufosinate‐ and paraquat‐resistant goosegrass biotype that has infested a bitter gourd field in Air Kuning, Perak, Malaysia. Glufosinate and paraquat had been applied at least six times per year to the affected fields (originally a rubber plantation) for more than four consecutive years. Paraquat had been used since 1970 for weed control in the rubber plantation. An on‐site field trial revealed that the control of the goosegrass plants, measuring 20–35 cm in height, ranged from 20 to 35% 3 weeks after being treated with each herbicide at twice the recommended rate. Dose–response tests were conducted in the glasshouse, using seedlings at the three‐to‐four‐leaf stage that had been obtained from the plants that had received repeated exposure to these herbicides and a biotype with no history of any herbicide resistance. The comparison of the GR₅₀ (the herbicide rate that is required to reduce the shoot fresh weight by 50%) of the seedlings indicated that the resistant biotype of goosegrass is 3.4‐fold and 3.6‐fold more resistant than the susceptible biotype following treatment with glufosinate and paraquat, respectively. This study has demonstrated the world's first field‐evolved instance of multiple resistance in goosegrass to two non‐selective herbicides, glufosinate and paraquat.     

水稻早衰突变体psls1的基因定位及克隆

水稻叶片早衰直接影响作物的光合效率,减少产量,降低品质。深入研究早衰的分子机制对控制和延缓衰老具有重要意义。本文报道了一个早衰突变体psls1(premature senescence leaf with spots)的基因定位及克隆结果。突变体在发育到七叶期以后,叶片自下而上叶绿素含量下降,过氧化氢过量积累,突变体叶片逐渐黄化至枯萎;其他农艺性状如株高、分蘖数、主穗长、结实率和穗粒数也相应变差。电镜观察进一步发现,psls1衰老叶片中叶绿体降解、类囊体基粒片层模糊,嗜锇颗粒明显增多。遗传分析表明,psls1受1对隐性基因控制,利用psls1×IRAT129杂交组合F2分离群体中的1690个早衰个体,将基因PSLS1定位在第7染色体分子标记ZS-3和ZS-8之间89 kb的范围内。测序研究发现,区间内一个编码铁氧还依赖的谷氨酸合酶基因LOC_Os07g46460的第2外显子末位的G被替换为A,导致转录本的错误剪切,突变体的c DNA缺失了57 bp碱基片段。在突变体中该基因表达量下降,谷氨酸合酶活性降低,其产物谷氨酸含量显著下降、其他氨基酸代谢紊乱。水培低氮处理下可诱发突变体psls1早衰。研究结果表明,由于PSLS1突变使得谷氨酸合酶失活,氮代谢异常而导致突变体psls1早衰。     

李宝聚博士诊病手记（六十六）——黄瓜种传病害的干热灭菌技术

黄瓜种子从采收、运输到贮存过程中都可能受到多种病原菌的侵袭，带菌的黄瓜种子成为黄瓜苗期和成株期病害的主要初侵染源，给黄瓜生产造成损失。为了克服蔬菜生产中种子传播病菌的问题，种子的物理消毒技术被广泛应用于蔬菜生产中。